El papel dual de los insectos como vectores y mitigadores de genes de resistencia antimicrobiana: Una revisión sistemática
Palabras clave:
Bacterias, insectos, genes de resistencia antimicrobianos, vectores, biorremediaciónBarra lateral del artículo
Contenido principal del artículo
Existe una creciente preocupación a nivel global por la resistencia a los antimicrobianos (RAM), un fenómeno complejo que amenaza la salud pública y la seguridad alimentaria. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue analizar el doble papel de los insectos, como vectores de diseminación y como agentes mitigadores de genes de resistencia antimicrobiana (ARGs), sintetizando la evidencia científica reciente entre 2015 y 2025. Se siguieron las directrices PRISMA, que analizó 26 estudios identificados en bases de datos científicas (Scopus, PubMed, SpringerLink). Los resultados demostraron que insectos sinantrópicos son vectores eficientes de ARGs de alta prioridad clínica (como mcr, blaNDM y blaCTX-M), actuando como puentes entre ambientes contaminados (granjas, hospitales) y humanos. Simultáneamente, se identificó que las larvas de insectos son agentes mitigadores altamente efectivos. A través de la bioconversión de residuos, reducen la abundancia y diversidad de ARGs mediante la remodelación del microbioma, la interrupción de la transferencia genética horizontal y la degradación de antibióticos residuales. En conclusión, los insectos presentan un papel dual en la crisis de la resistencia antimicrobiana: son una amenaza como vectores de propagación, pero también una solución biotecnológica prometedora para la biorremediación.
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